Paths toward the modern fiscal state: England, Japan, and China

Credit crises in the rise of the modern fiscal state

England's path, 1642-1752

The rapid centralization of public finance in Japan, 1868-1880

The emergence of the modern fiscal state in Japan, 1880-1895

Economic disruption and the failure of paper money in China, 1851-1864

The persistence of fiscal decentralization in China, 1864-1911.